Laparoscopy or “minimally invasive” is a type of surgery that performing specialized technique in uses smaller cuts than you might expect. The process takes its name from the laparoscope.

Laparoscopic technique is mostly used to perform intestinal surgery. Doctors first used it for gallbladder surgery and gynaecology operations. Then it used for the intestines, liver, and other diseases like Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, diverticulitis, cancer, rectal prolapse and severe constipation.

Mainly colorectal surgeon has interest in colon and rectum disease because they are proficient in the treatment and management of digestive conditions, a colorectal surgeon must undergo training in both general surgeries and the lower digestive tract so sometimes they called as a proctologist. Surgeons will remove tumors and lymph nodes as well as a small portion of the normal colon on either side of the tumor.

Generally augmentation, reduction and reconstruction are the three main categories of Breast Surgery. Breast augmentation is performed to enhance the size, appearance and contour of a woman's breasts.it is performed with implants that can be placed over or under the pectoralis chest muscle. In Breast reduction, procedure surgeons remove excess skin, fat and glandular tissue from Large, heavy, pendulous breasts. In the Reconstruction process, the desired appearance, contour and volume of the breast can be recreated with implants or with a woman's own tissue.

Vascular surgery is mainly affecting the diseases of arteries, veins and lymphatic vessels also including the intracranial and coronary arteries. Excluding heart and brain, surgeons treat all the part of the vascular system. They utilise minimally invasive techniques in the field of endovascular surgery. Endovascular surgery has shown many short term advantages compared to open surgery.

Endocrine surgery is mainly affected diseases of the thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands. Minimally invasive techniques are used for parathyroid and thyroid surgery. In thyroidectomy surgical procedure is used to remove all part of the thyroid gland. Hyperparathyroidism is treated when blood levels of calcium and parathyroid hormone are too high. In Pancreatoduodenectomy procedure the pancreas, the gallbladder, nearby lymph nodes, small intestine, bile duct and part of the stomach is removed it depends upon the condition from the patient.

Cushing’s syndrome

Transplant surgery is the surgical exchange of organ, body tissue, or blood products from a donor and surgically placing or infusing them into a recipient. Heart, kidneys, liver, digestive tract, lungs, pancreas and thymus Organs that could be transplanted. The cornea and musculoskeletal grafts are the most commonly transplanted tissues. Xenotransplantation is a process where the donors are non-human such as chimpanzees, monkeys and baboons.

Surgical oncology is a specialized area of oncology where surgeons cure and management of cancer. Surgery is the effective treatment of cancer. When the disease is already speared beyond the surgical cure boundary it is not part of the modern surgical oncology treatment.

Cardiothoracic surgery is the diagnosis and treatment of the heart and vascular system, the lungs and trachea, the oesophagus, the diaphragm and chest wall. Cardiac surgery performs coronary artery bypass surgery, heart valve surgery and aortic surgery. Congenital cardiac surgeons treat babies and children with heart diseases. The heart transplant is performed for the irreversible end stage of heart failure.

Paediatric surgery is the only surgical speciality that is defined by the patient’s age. Generally, this surgery process used to correct a congenital condition, traumatic injury and other disorder in the pediatric patient. Surgeons are specially trained to treat the entire spectrum of surgical illness. In Kasai, surgical procedure liver damage preventing through blocking liver ducts.

In abdominal surgery, the surgeon treated the gallbladder, stomach, small or large intestine, pancreas, spleen, liver and appendix. Some common types of abdominal surgery include hernia removal, appendectomy, abdominal exploration and surgery for inflammatory bowel disease. Hernia surgical procedure can help return abdominal tissue back to where they are supposed to be. Anorectal Surgery procedure helps treat rectal issues like hemorrhoids.

Reconstructive surgery covers a wide variety of procedures that are performed to help repair damaged tissue. Causes of tissue damage can range from birth defects or traumatic injuries to severe burns or disease, repair and reshape bodily structures affected by birth defects, developmental abnormalities, trauma/injuries, infections, tumours and disease. Surgeon replaces tissue or nerves removed during treatment for head and neck cancer or skin cancer.