Endocrinology is the field of hormone-related diseases. An endocrinologist can diagnose and treat hormone problems and the complications that arise from them. Hormones regulate metabolism, respiration, growth, reproduction, sensory perception, and movement. Hormone imbalances are the underlying reason for a wide range of medical conditions. Endocrinology focuses both on the hormones and the many glands and tissues that produce them. Humans have over 50 different hormones. They can exist in very small amounts and still have a significant impact on bodily function and development. Here are some key points about endocrinology. More information is in the main article. Endocrinology involves a wide range of systems within the human body. 

The growing human and economic toll of diabetes has caused consternation worldwide. Not only is the number of people affected increasing at an alarming rate, but onset of the major forms of the disease occurs at ever younger ages. We now know that the reach of diabetes extends far beyond the classic acute metabolic and chronic vascular complications to increased risk of an ever-increasing array of conditions including Alzheimer disease, cancer, liver failure, bone fractures, depression, and hearing loss. Hybrid Closed-loop systems have harnessed the data gathered with CGM use to aid in basal insulin dosing And hypoglycaemia   prevention.

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a build-up of acids in our blood. It can happen when your blood sugar is too high for too long. It could be life-threatening, but it usually takes many hours to become that serious. You can treat it and prevent it, too. It usually happens because your body doesn't have enough insulin. Your cells can't use the sugar in your blood for energy, so they use fat for fuel instead. Burning fat makes acids called ketones and, if the process goes on for a while, they could build up in your blood. That excess can change the chemical balance of your blood and throw off your entire system. People with type 1 diabetes are at risk for ketoacidosis, since their bodies don't make any insulin. Your ketones can also go up when you miss a meal, you're sick or stressed, or you have an insulin reaction. 

Pathophysiology develops when the body's immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells, the only cells in the body that make the hormone insulin, which regulates blood glucose. Only 5% of people with diabetes have this form of the disease. To survive, people with type 1 diabetes must have insulin delivered by injection or a pump. (i) Pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes, in this condition the immune system attacks and destroys the insulin producing beta cells of the pancreas. There is beta cell deficiency leading to complete insulin deficiency. Thus is it termed an autoimmune disease where there are anti insulin or anti-islet cell antibodies present in blood. 

Many common herbs and spices are claimed to have blood sugar lowering properties that make them useful for people with or at high risk of type 2 diabetes. A number of clinical studies have been carried out in recent years that show potential links between herbal therapies and improved blood glucose control, which has led to an increase in people with diabetes using these more 'natural' ingredients to help manage their condition. Plant-based therapies that have been shown in some studies to have anti-diabetic properties include: Aloe vera, Bilberry extract, Bitter melon, Cinnamon, Fenugreek, Ginger, Okra.

A diagnosis of prediabetes should be a warning for people to make lifestyle changes to prevent both full-blown diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). We know that having diabetes increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease, so in our study we wanted to determine what the absolute risk or probability of developing heart disease was for people who were only at a pre-diabetic level of blood sugar. Prediabetes is indicated by a fasting blood sugar level between100 and 125 mg/dL (5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L), while a fasting blood sugar level of less than 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) is considered normal. A level of 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) and higher is the diagnostic threshold for diabetes.

Digestion is characterized by the arrangement of life-managing substance changes inside the cells of living creatures. These compounds catalysed responses enable life forms to develop and imitate, keep up their structures, and react to their surroundings. The word digestion can likewise allude to every single concoction response that happens in living beings, including assimilation and the vehicle of substances into and between various cells, in which case the arrangement of responses inside the phones is called middle person digestion or moderate digestion. The term, 'Digestion,' alludes to the whole scope of biochemical procedures that occur inside a man or living creature. Digestion is something that comprises both,' Catabolism,' and, 'Anabolism;' which are the development and breakdown of substances. 

Obesity is an epidemic in Worldwide. This condition puts people at a higher risk for serious diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. Eating more calories than you burn in daily activity and exercise (on a long-term basis) causes obesity. Over time, these extra calories add up and cause you to gain weight. Weight Management: Eating well and maintaining a stable weight is particularly important for people with diabetes, so we figured that learning more about weight management was long overdue. Lowering waist measurement will help to improve your blood sugar control and reduce the risk of diabetes complications.

Nutrition is important to our healthy lifestyle when you have diabetes. Along with other benefits, following a healthy meal plan and being active can help you keep your blood glucose level, also called blood sugar, in your target range. To manage your blood glucose, you need to balance what you eat and drink with physical activity and diabetes medicine. Dietetics: They plan, monitor, and supervise the diet for patients (with medical conditions like diabetes, food allergies, gastro-intestinal disorders etc.) across hospitals, clinics, health centres, sports centres or their own private clinics. Dietitians are responsible for recommending proper as well as corrective food and eating habits, while taking into account the patient's health, lifestyle, age, potential allergies and food preferences. 

Diabetic nephropathy is a serious kidney-related complication of type 1 diabetes and type2 diabetes. About 25% of people with diabetes eventually develop kidney disease. Diabetic nephropathy affects your kidneys' ability to do their usual work of removing waste products and extra fluid from your body. The best way to prevent or delay diabetic nephropathy is by maintaining a healthy lifestyle and treating your diabetes and high blood pressure. Over many years, the condition slowly damages your kidneys' delicate filtering system. Early treatment may prevent or slow the disease's progress and reduce the chance of complications. Your kidney disease may progress to kidney failure, also called end-stage kidney disease. Kidney failure is a life-threatening condition. At this stage your treatment options are dialysis or a kidney transplant. 

Diabetic retinopathy is the most common form of diabetic eye disease. Diabetic retinopathy usually only affects people who have had diabetes (diagnosed or undiagnosed) for a significant number of years. Retinopathy can affect all diabetics and becomes particularly dangerous, increasing the risk of blindness, if it is left untreated. The risk of developing diabetic retinopathy is known to increase with age as well with less well controlled blood sugar and blood pressure level. Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR): This is the milder form of diabetic retinopathy and is usually symptomless. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR): PDR is the most advanced stage of diabetic retinopathy and refers to the formation of new, abnormal blood vessels in the retina.

A diabetic foot ulcer is an open sore or wound that occurs in approximately 15 percent of patients with diabetes and is commonly located on the bottom of the foot. Of those who develop a foot ulcer, 6 percent will be hospitalized due to infection or other ulcer-related complication. Diabetes is the leading cause of non-traumatic lower extremity amputations in the United States, and approximately 14-24 percent of patients with diabetes who develop a foot ulcer will require an amputation. Foot ulceration precedes 85 percent of diabetes-related amputations. Research has shown, however, that development of a foot ulcer is preventable. Ulcers form due to a combination of factors, such as lack of feeling in the foot, poor circulation, foot deformities, irritation (such as friction or pressure), and trauma, as well as duration of diabetes.

The application of epidemiology to the study of DM has provided valuable information on several aspects of this disease such as its natural history, prevalence, incidence, morbidity and mortality in diverse populations around the world. Identification of the cause of the disease and the possible preventive measures that could be instituted to arrest or delay the onset of this disease which has reached epidemic proportions in both the developed and the developing nations.  Given that the prevalence of diabetes is high at the population level, it imposes a financial burden on both our healthcare system and the individuals living with the disease. An attempt continues to be discussed; yet as the number of undiagnosed patients continues to grow, the prevalence and impact of the disease on patient quality of life and the overall cost of diabetes to healthcare is also important.

One of the biggest challenges for health care providers today is addressing the continued needs and demands of individuals with chronic illnesses like diabetes. The importance of regular follow-up of diabetic patients with the health care provider is of great significance in averting any long term complications. Studies have reported that strict metabolic control can delay or prevent the progression of complications associated with diabetes. Results of large randomized trials involving patients with type 1 diabetes or newly recognized or established type 2 diabetes show that control of glycaemia delays the onset and slows the progression of micro vascular complications, including nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy. The needs of diabetic patients are not only limited to adequate glycaemic control but also correspond with preventing complications; disability limitation and rehabilitation. Some of the Indian studies revealed very poor adherence to treatment regimens due to poor attitude towards the disease and poor health literacy among the general public.