Biosensor technology, in principle, could provide rapid, label-free measurements, which can be conducted in highly automatable configurations. Furthermore, the possibility for multiplexing tests using generic sensing physics is certainly an attractive strategy. Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) innovation, microfluidics has been improved by the coordination of different discovery devices for analyte location and quantitation.  The applications of such microfluidic platforms are greatly increased in the area of biosensors geared towards point-of-care diagnostics. Together, the merger of microfluidics and biosensors has created miniaturized devices for test processing and sensitive detection with quantitation.

• Acoustofluidics
• Analytical Nanotechnologies
• Biofabrication and Manufacturing
• Sample Preparation
• Single Cell Analysis

Microfluidics empowers the downscaling of biochemical applications from a lab setting to a portable format. With the field's recent switch from replica molding to 3D printing, complex geometries can be created and a different scope of functional Components has been reported. Recent innovations in the development of 3D‐printed sensors, actuators, and other valuable elements for microfluidic devices are explained. Further elements, such as mixers or gradient generators, facilitate changes within the fluid itself. It is predicted that the broad selection of 3D printing in microfluidics will ultimately allow the creation of a new generation of increasingly smart, responsive, and autonomous or Self-governing devices, able to sense and act upon their environment in complex ways and with decreased human intervention.

Droplet-based digital microfluidics is a subject with growing relevance to biological, chemical, and health-science fields. The high accuracy and magnificent economy of such systems are unparalleled. There are, however, fundamental challenges related to actuation and sensing in terms of system scalability, and these challenges are addressed within this chapter. In particular, a new digital microfluidics multiplexer is shown to overcome contemporary on-chip micro drop motion addressability issues and eliminate droplet interference challenges. Simultaneously, an integrated folded-cavity optical sensor provides highly localized and sensitive probing of internal fluid refractive indices. The complete framework offers improved micro drop motion and detecting capabilities for future lab-on-a-chip technologies.

The use of microfluidic devices for tissue engineering is explained in this session. In tissue engineering, different application areas of microfluidic devices are examined.  These are methods for designing cells, topographical control over cells and tissues, and bioreactors. Models where microfluidic devices have been employed are presented such as basal lamina, vascular tissue, liver, bone, cartilage and neurons. Major contributions are expected in two regions. The first, is development of complex tissue, where microfluidic structures guarantee a steady blood supply, thereby notable well-known problem of providing larger tissue structures with a continuous flow of oxygen and nutrition, and withdrawal of waste products. The second and likely progressively significant function of microfluidics, combined with micro/nanotechnology, lies in the improvement of in vitro physiological frameworks for studying fundamental biological phenomena.

Droplet based microfluidics is a rapidly growing interdisciplinary field of research combining soft matter physics, biochemistry and microsystems engineering. Its applications range from quick analytical systems or the synthesis of advanced materials to protein crystallization and biological assays for living cells. Precise control of droplet volumes and reliable manipulation of individual droplets such as coalescence, mixing of their contents, and sorting in combination with fast analysis tools allow us to perform chemical reactions inside the droplets under defined conditions. Since geometry and wetting properties of the microfluidics channels are crucial factors for droplet generation, it briefly describes typical; device fabrication methods in droplet based microfluidics.

In light of the small scale of the fluid channels, electric fields must often be used to transport fluids particularly at the nanoscale. This  implies the fluids must be electrically conducting, and so microfluidics and nanofluidics require the user to be literate in fluid mechanics, heat and mass exchange, electrostatics, electrokinetics, electrochemistry, and if biomolecules are involved, molecular biology.

Most fluids show laminar behavior in miniature flow structures with channel cross-sections below 0.5 mm. Various layers of miscible fluids and particles can stream by one another in a microchannel  without any mixing other than by diffusion. Small particles diffuse faster than larger ones, which allow separation of particles by size. It is conceivable to design fluidic microchips in which separations, chemical reactions, and calibration-free analytical measurements can be performed directly in extremely little quantities of complex samples for example, whole blood and contaminated environmental samples. The state-of-art of microfluidic devices for molecular bioanalysis with a focus on the key functionalities that have been successfully integrated in the chip, such as preconcentration, separation, and detection.

Point-of-care testing (POCT) is necessary to provide a rapid diagnostic result for a prompt on-site diagnosis and treatment. A quick analysis time and high sensitivity, with a sample-to-answer format, are the most important features for current POCT diagnostic systems. Microfluidic lab-on-a-chip technologies have been considered as one of the promising solutions that can meet the requirement of the POCT since they can miniaturize and integrate most of the functional modules used in central laboratories into a small chip. In each analyte category, detection methods, configuration of POCT lab-on-a-chip modules, and advantages and disadvantages of POCT systems are reviewed and discussed along with future prospects.

Drug discovery and development are key topics nowadays, indeed, they represent one of the most expensive investment for every government in the world. In this challenge, the development of new delivery techniques is crucial as most drugs fail to achieve encouraging clinical results due to the fact that they do not reach the site of interest. As microfluidics is the science of manipulating extremely low quantities of fluids,its employment seems natural in drug administering. Indeed, microfluidics is characterized by some key features which are really helpful when dealing with drug delivery, such as improved mass transfer which reduces mixing time, high surface to volume ratio which improves heat exchange proprieties, precise control over flow, deterministic flow i.e. low Reynolds numbers and hence laminar flow, small reagent quantity, continuous regime, ease of production, costs, etc.